![]() ![]() In the present article, we focus on the generation processes, complexity, environmental interactions, dimensionality, and mode selection for branching in plants. Theoretical research on animal branch development in recent years has been extensive whereas branch formation in plants has also been investigated traditionally (Cohen 1967 Honda 1971 Lindenmayer 1968, 1971 Meinhardt 1976, 1982). We can confirm the feasibility of a predicted condition by simulation, therefore simulations using adequate theoretical models have been important for solving the problems in morphogenesis involving branch formation. In particular, morphogenesis is a difficult process to image because it involves continuous deformation through localized growth. These theoretical approaches have been used to understand the complex mechanisms involved. Here, we review theoretical models for branch formation in the different hierarchies of plant architecture. The branch formation repeatedly observed in plants is important from a morphological perspective. 2017), and root hair cells (Payne and Grierson 2009) can be regarded as branching (Li et al. On a cellular level, the morphogenesis of some unicellular algae (Lacalli 1975a, b), leaf pavement cells (Higaki et al. 2010 Wang and Jiao 2018), roots (Hinsinger et al. ![]() Branch architectures are observed in various plant organs including shoot meristems (Kuhlemeier 2007, 2017), inflorescence stems (Bommert and Whipple 2018), leaves (Efroni et al. ![]()
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